The Case of Convicted Killer Jeffrey MacDonald

On February 17, 1970, a horrific crime took place in the Fort Bragg, North Carolina army base home of U.S. Army surgeon Captain Jeffrey MacDonald. The doctor claimed strangers had broken in, attacked him, and slaughtered his pregnant wife and their two young daughters in a manner that eerily resembled the recent Tate-LaBianca murders carried out by the Manson Family in California. Army investigators didnt buy his story. MacDonald was charged with the murders but later released. Though the case was dismissed, it was far from over. In 1974, a grand jury was convened. MacDonald, now a civilian, was indicted for murder the following year. In 1979, he was tried, found guilty, and sentenced to three consecutive life sentences. Even in the face of conviction, MacDonald has staunchly maintained his innocence and launched numerous appeals. Many people believe him; others do not, including Fatal Vision author Joe McGinnis, who was engaged by MacDonald to write a book exonerating him—but got one condemning him instead. Jeffrey and Colette MacDonalds Bright Beginnings Jeffrey MacDonald and Colette Stevenson grew up in Patchogue, New York. Theyd known one another since grade school. They began dating in high school and the relationship continued during their college years. Jeffrey was at Princeton and Colette attended Skidmore. Just two years into college, in the fall of 1963, the couple decided to marry. By April 1964, their first child Kimberly was born. Colette put her education on hold to become a full-time mother while Jeffrey continued his studies. After Princeton, MacDonald attended Northwestern University Medical School in Chicago. While there, the couples second child Kristen Jean was born in May 1967. Times were tough financially for the young family but the future looked bright. After graduating from medical school the following year and completing his internship at Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center in New York City, MacDonald decided to join the U.S. Army. The family relocated to Fort Bragg, North Carolina. Advancement came quickly for Captain MacDonald, who was soon appointed Group Surgeon to the Special Forces (Green Berets). Colette was enjoying her role as a busy homemaker and mother of two but she had plans to return to college with the eventual goal of becoming a teacher. Over the Christmas holidays in 1969, Colette let friends know that Jeff would not be going to Vietnam as theyd feared he might. For the MacDonalds, life seemed normal and happy. Colette was expecting a third child—a boy—in July but just two months into the new year, Colettes life and those of her children would come to a tragic and terrifying end. A Horrific Crime Scene On February 17, 1970, an emergency call was forwarded from an operator to the military police at Fort Bragg. Captain Jeffrey MacDonald was pleading for help. He begged for someone to send an ambulance to his home. When the MPs got to the MacDonald residence, they found 26-year-old Colette, along with her two children, 5-year-old Kristen and 2-year-old, Kimberly, dead. Lying beside Colette was Captain Jeffrey MacDonald, his arm stretched over his wifes body. MacDonald was wounded but alive. Kenneth Mica, one of the first MPs to arrive on the scene, discovered the bodies of Colette and the two girls. Colette was on her back, her chest partially covered by a torn pajama top. Her face and head had been battered. She was covered in blood. Kimberlys head had been bludgeoned. The child also suffered stab wounds on her neck. Kristen had been stabbed in her chest and back 33 times with a knife and 15 more with an icepick. The word Pig was scrawled in blood on the headboard in the master bedroom. MacDonald appeared to be unconscious. Mica performed mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. When MacDonald came to, he complained of not being able to breathe. Mica says that while MacDonald did request medical attention, he attempted to shove him away, urgently demanding that the MP tend to his children and wife instead. The Woman in the Floppy Hat When Mica questioned MacDonald about what had happened, MacDonald told him that three male intruders accompanied by a hippie-type woman had broken into the home and attacked him and his family. According to MacDonald, a blonde female, wearing a floppy hat, high-heeled boots and holding a candle had chanted, Acid is groovy. Kill the pigs, as the carnage took place. Mica recalled noticing a woman who fit that description while en route to the crime scene. She was standing outside in the rain on a street not far from the MacDonald home. Mica informed a superior at the armys Criminal Investigation Division (CID) about having seen the woman but says his observations were ignored. The CID chose to remain focused on the physical evidence and the statements MacDonald made regarding the crimes to formulate their theory of the case. The First Murder Charges At the hospital, MacDonald was treated for wounds to his head, as well as various cuts and bruises to his shoulders, chest, hand, and fingers. He also sustained several puncture wounds around his heart, including one that punctured his lung, causing it to collapse. MacDonald remained hospitalized for a week, leaving only to attend the funerals of his wife and daughters. MacDonald was released from the hospital on February 25, 1970. On April 6, 1970, MacDonald underwent an extensive interrogation by CID investigators, who concluded that MacDonalds injuries were superficial and self-inflicted. They believed that his story about intruders was a fabrication created as a coverup and that MacDonald himself was responsible for the murders. On May 1, 1970, Captain Jeffrey MacDonald was formally charged by the U.S. Army for the murder of his family. Five months later, however, Colonel Warren Rock, the presiding officer over the Article 32 hearing, recommended that the charges be dropped, citing insufficient evidence to indict. MacDonalds defense civilian defense attorney Bernard L. Segal had argued that the CID botched their jobs at the crime scene, losing or compromising valuable evidence. He also floated a credible theory of alternative suspects, claiming to have found Helena Stoeckley, the woman in the floppy hat, and her boyfriend, a drug-using army veteran named Greg Mitchell, as well as witnesses who claimed Stoeckley had confessed to her involvement in the murders. After a five-month inquisition, MacDonald was released and received an honorable discharge in December. By July  1971 he was in living in Long Beach, California, and working at the St. Mary Medical Center. Colettes Parents Turn Against MacDonald Initially, Colettes mother and stepfather, Mildred and Freddie Kassab, fully supported MacDonald, believing him innocent. Freddie Kassab testified for MacDonald at his Article 32 hearing. But all that changed when they reportedly received a disturbing phone call from MacDonald in November 1970, during which he claimed to have hunted down and killed one of the intruders. While MacDonald explained away the call as an attempt to get an obsessive Freddie Kassab to let go of the investigation, the revenge story made the Kassabs uneasy. Their suspicions were stoked by several media appearances MacDonald made, including one on The Dick Cavett Show in which he showed no signs of grief or outrage over the murders of his family. Instead, MacDonald spoke angrily of the Armys mishandling of the case, going so far as to accuse CID investigators of lying, covering up evidence, and scapegoating him for their bungling. MacDonalds behavior and what they deemed arrogant demeanor led the Kassabs to think that MacDonald might have actually murdered their daughter and grandchildren after all. After reading a full transcript of MacDonalds Article 32 hearing, they were convinced. Believing MacDonald to be guilty, In 1971, Freddie Kassab and CID investigators returned to the crime scene, where they attempted to recreate the events of the killings as described by MacDonald, only to arrive at the conclusion that his account was totally implausible. Concerned that MacDonald was going to get away with murder, in April of 1974 the aging Kassabs filed a citizens complaint against their former son-in-law. In August, a grand jury convened to hear the case in Raleigh, North Carolina. MacDonald waived his rights and appeared as the first witness.  In 1975, MacDonald was indicted on one count of first-degree murder in the death of one of his daughters, and two counts of second-degree murder for the deaths of his wife and second child. While MacDonald awaited trial, he was released on $100,000 bail. During this time, his lawyers appealed to the 4th Circuit Court of Appeals to dismiss the charges on the grounds that his right to a speedy trial had been violated. The decision was overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court in on May 1, 1978, and MacDonald was remanded for trial. The Trial and the Verdict The trial opened on July 16, 1979, in Federal Court in Raleigh, North Carolina with Judge Franklin Dupree presiding (the same judge who’d heard Grand Jury arguments five years before). The prosecution entered into evidence a 1970 Esquire magazine found at the crime scene. The issue featured an article on the Manson family murders, which they argued had given MacDonald the blueprint for his so-called â€Å"hippie† murder scenario. The prosecution also called an FBI lab technician whose testimony regarding physical evidence from the stabbings wholly contradicted the events as described by MacDonald. In Helena Stoeckley’s testimony, she claimed never to have been inside the MacDonald’s home. When the defense attempted to call rebuttal witnesses to refute her assertions, they were denied by Judge Dupree. MacDonald took the stand in his own defense but despite a lack of motive, he was unable to come up with a convincing argument to disprove the prosecution’s theory of the murders. On August 26, 1979, he was convicted of second-degree murder for the deaths of Collette and Kimberly, and first-degree murder of Kristen.   The Appeals On July 29, 1980, a panel of the 4th Circuit Court of Appeals overturned MacDonald’s conviction, again as a violation of his 6th Amendment right to a speedy trial. In August, he was released on $100,000 bail. MacDonald returned to his job as the Head of Emergency Medicine at the Long Beach Medical Center. When the case was heard once again in December, the 4th Circuit upheld their earlier decision but the U.S. government appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court. Oral arguments in the case took place in December 1981. On March 31, 1982, the Supreme Court ruled 6-3 that MacDonald’s right to a speedy trial had not been violated. He was sent back to prison. Subsequent appeals to the 4th Circuit Court of Appeals and the U.S. Supreme Court have been denied. A 2014 appeal was based on DNA testing of hairs found on Collette’s leg and hands that didn’t match any member of the MacDonald family. It was denied in December of 2018. MacDonald continues to maintain his innocence. He was originally eligible for parole in 1990 but refused to consider it because he says it would have been an admission of guilt. He’s since remarried and is next eligible for parole in May 2020.   Sources The MacDonald Case Website.McGinnis, Joe, FatalVision. New American Library, August 1983Lavois, Denise. â€Å"‘Fatal Vision’ Doctor Denied New Trial in Family Triple Murder.† Associated Press/Army Times. December 21, 2018Balestrieri, Steve. â€Å"Jeffrey MacDonald Stands Trial For His Wife and Daughters Murders in 1979.† Special Operations. July 17, 2018

How to Pronounce Thank You in Chinese

Being able to thank someone is one of the first things we learn to say in another language, and the word è ° ¢Ã¨ ° ¢ (è ¬ Ã¨ ¬ ) †xià ¨xie† therefore appears in the first chapter of almost all beginner textbooks in Chinese. This word is very versatile and can be used in most situations where you want to thank someone, so treating it as a direct equivalent of the English †thank you† works well most of the time. But how do you pronounce it? How to Pronounce è ° ¢Ã¨ ° ¢ (è ¬ Ã¨ ¬ ) †xià ¨xie† Even if the word è ° ¢Ã¨ ° ¢ (è ¬ Ã¨ ¬ ) †xià ¨xie† often appears in the first chapter of most textbooks, it certainly isnt easy to pronounce, especially if you havent had time to internalize Hanyu Pinyin yet, which is the most common way of writing the sounds of Mandarin with the Latin alphabet. Using Pinyin to learn is good, but you should be aware of some of the problems involved. There are two things you need to pay attention to: the initial †x† and the tones. How to Pronounce the †x† Sound in è ° ¢Ã¨ ° ¢ (è ¬ Ã¨ ¬ ) †xià ¨xie† The †x† sound in Pinyin can be tricky to pronounce for beginners, and together with †q† and †j† they are probably the hardest initials to get right for native speakers of English. These sounds might sound similar to the English †sh† and in †sheep† (in the case of †x†) or to the English †ch† in †cheap† (in the case of †q†), but that will not give you the right pronunciation. To pronounce †x† correctly, do like this: Lightly press the tip of your tongue against the teeth ridge just behind your lower teeth. This is a very natural position and this is probably what you do when you breathe normally through your mouth.Now try to say †s† while still keeping your tongue tip in the same position. To produce the sound, the tongue needs to be raised, but since you cant raise the tip (it shouldnt move), you have to raise the body of the tongue (i.e. farther back than when you say s).If you can produce a hissing sound with this tongue position, congratulations, youre now pronouncing †x† correctly! Try playing around a bit and listen to the sounds you produce. You should be able to hear a difference between this †x† sound and the †sh† in †sheep† as well as a normal s. The next part of the syllable, â€Å"ie†, usually doesnt cause much trouble for beginners and simply trying to mimic a native speaker as well as you can is likely to be enough. The tones, however, are a different matter, so lets look at how to say â€Å"thank you† without sounding like a tourist. How to Pronounce the Tones in è ° ¢Ã¨ ° ¢ (è ¬ Ã¨ ¬ ) †xià ¨xie† Tones are tricky because they arent used to create different words in English. Of course, we do vary the tone height when we speak English too, but it doesnt change the basic meaning of a word like it does in Chinese. Therefore, its common for beginners to not be able to hear tones properly, but this is just a matter of practice. The more you expose yourself to tones and the more you practice, the better you will become. Practice makes perfect! Tones are normally indicated by a mark above the main vowel, but as you can see in the case of è ° ¢Ã¨ ° ¢ (è ¬ Ã¨ ¬ ) †xià ¨xie†, there is no mark above the second syllable, which means that its a neutral tone. The downward mark on the first syllable indicates a fourth tone. Just like the tone mark indicates, the pitch should fall when you pronounce this. The neutral tone should be pronounced more lightly and should also be shorter. You can treat the word è ° ¢Ã¨ ° ¢ ( è ¬ Ã¨ ¬ ) †xià ¨xie† as a word in English with stress on the first syllable, like â€Å"sissy† (I mean for stress purposes, the other sounds are different). There is an obvious emphasis on the first syllable and the second one is quite reduced. Practice Makes Perfect Simply knowing how è ° ¢Ã¨ ° ¢ (è ¬ Ã¨ ¬ ) †xià ¨xie† is supposed to be pronounced doesnt mean that you can pronounce it, so you need to practice yourself as well. Good luck!

Equal Rights Amendment Constitutional Justice

The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) is a proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution that would guarantee equality under the law for women. It was introduced in 1923. During the 1970s, the ERA was passed by Congress and sent to the states for ratification, but ultimately fell three states short of becoming part of the Constitution. What the ERA Says The text of the Equal Rights Amendment is: Section 1. Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex. Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. Section 3. This amendment shall take effect two years after the date of ratification. History of the ERA: 19th Century In the wake of the Civil War, the 13th Amendment eliminated slavery, the 14th Amendment declared that no state could abridge the privileges and immunities of U.S citizens, and the 15th Amendment guaranteed the right to vote regardless of race. Feminists of the 1800s fought to have these amendments protect the rights of all citizens, but the 14th Amendment includes the word male and together they explicitly protect only mens rights. History of the ERA: 20th Century In 1919, Congress passed the 19th Amendment, ratified in 1920, giving women the right to vote. Unlike the 14th Amendment, which says no privileges or immunities will be denied to male citizens regardless of race, the 19th Amendment protects only the voting privilege for women. In 1923, Alice Paul wrote the Lucretia Mott Amendment, which said, Men and women shall have equal rights throughout the United States and every place subject to its jurisdiction. It was introduced annually in Congress for many years. In the 1940s, she rewrote the amendment. Now called the Alice Paul Amendment, it required equality of rights under the law regardless of sex. The 1970s Struggle to Pass the ERA The ERA finally passed the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives in 1972. Congress included a seven-year deadline for ratification by three-fourths of the states, meaning that 38 of the 50 states had to ratify by 1979. Twenty-two states ratified in the first year, but the pace slowed to either a few states per year or none. In 1977, Indiana became the 35th state to ratify the ERA. Amendment author Alice Paul died the same year. Congress extended the deadline to 1982, to no avail. In 1980, the Republican Party removed support for the ERA from its platform. Despite increased civil disobedience, including demonstrations, marches, and hunger strikes, advocates were unable to get an additional three states to ratify. Arguments and Opposition The National Organization for Women (NOW) led the struggle to pass the ERA. As the deadline neared, NOW encouraged an economic boycott of states that had not ratified. Dozens of organizations supported the ERA and the boycott, including the League of Women Voters, the YWCA of the U.S., the Unitarian Universalist Association, the United Auto Workers (UAW), the National Education Association (NEA), and the Democratic National Committee (DNC). The opposition included states rights advocates, some religious groups, and business and insurance interests. Among the arguments against the ERA were that it would prevent husbands from supporting their wives, it would invade privacy, and it would lead to rampant abortion, homosexual marriage, women in combat, and unisex bathrooms. When U.S. courts determine whether a law is discriminatory, the law must pass a test of strict scrutiny if it affects a fundamental Constitutional right or a suspect classification of people. Courts apply a lower standard, intermediate scrutiny, to questions of sex discrimination, although strict scrutiny is applied to claims of racial discrimination. If the ERA becomes part of the Constitution, any law discriminating on the basis of sex will have to meet the strict scrutiny test. This would mean a law that distinguishes between men and women must be narrowly tailored to achieve a compelling government interest by the least restrictive means possible. The 1980s and Beyond After the deadlines passed, the ERA was reintroduced in 1982 and annually in subsequent legislative sessions, but it languished in committee, as it had for much of the time between 1923 and 1972. There is some question as to what will happen if Congress passes the ERA again. A new amendment would require the two-thirds vote of Congress and ratification by three-fourths of the state legislatures. However, there is a legal argument that the original thirty-five ratifications are still valid, which would mean only three more states are needed. This three-state strategy is based on the fact that the original deadline was not part of the amendments text, but only the Congressional instructions.

What Were the Purposes of Pyramids Egypt - 544 Words

Egypt is a country in Africa and has a large population,and Egypt is a republic in northeastern of africa and there is a lot of people in egypt because some of them helped build pyramids and the largest pyramids is 500 feet tall.What Were the Purposes of the Pyramids in Egypt. By Cody Hodge. What Did the pyramids represent? 1. The ancient Egyptians built pyramids as tombs for their Pharaohs. A Pharaoh would begin planning his house of eternity, as soon as he took the throne. This was because the Egyptian pyramids held many items in preparation for the afterlife. For what purpose were the pyramids erected? No hint was found in the hieroglyphic literature. Already in Greek authors debated this question. In the fifth century before the present era Herodotus gave a detailed account of their construction, of their purpose.The Evolution of the Egyptian Pyramid. The Evolution of the Egyptian Pyramid Today the pyramid has the appearance of a large three-stepped pyramid. In contrast to earlier theories forwarding the idea of a sudden collapse, the present state of the pyramid is one of being in the midst of construction and being stripped This idea is evidenced by the fact that the lower casing stones found in the mound at the base of the pyramid show far fewer signs of erosion than those from the upper rea ches of the pyramid- Google Search. - Google Search. When were the pyramids built? In ancient times, monuments were built for the rest ofShow MoreRelatedThe Pyramids Of Giza Pyramids929 Words   |  4 PagesWhen I think of Egypt and hieroglyphics the first thing that has always come to mind has always been the Great pyramids of Giza. The pyramids of Giza in total are three, these are some of the most famous pyramids in the world and some of the most famous landmarks of Egypt. Growing up I would always think of one day traveling to egypt and climbing to the top. This is why I decided to do my research paper on this work of art and great monument of art history. With this paper I was able toRead MoreHistorical Characteristics Of Ancient Egypt Essay1299 Words   |  6 Pagesmolded by the location of the civilization is Egypt. Egypt is located in Northern Africa and is surrounded by and impacted by the Sahara Desert, Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, and running through the civilization is the Nile River. These geographical characteristics play a vital role in the development of the politics, religion, and architecture of the ancient Egypt civilization. Before explaining the developments of these disciplines of ancient Egypt, these geographical characteristics and theirRead MoreThe Massive Mystery Essay1687 Words   |  7 PagesFor centuries people have given a diverse collection of theories as to how the ancient pyramids were constructed. The Great Pyramid of Giza is truly an incredible architectural accomplishment. This pyramid in particular is commonly referred to as the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the ancient world. Some believe that the Egyptians had developed technology that has simply been lost in time. Others think they had help from extraterrestrial beings. The reality of the construction relied on human laborRead MoreThe Great Pyramid Of Giza1382 Words   |  6 Pageswill examine the Great Pyramid of Giza during the Fourth Dynasty, the period in which it was built. My purpose for this topic is to not only educate myself further in the humanities of Ancient Egypt but to also get a better understanding of how the art r elates to the people and their lives, I will do so by examining how and when The Great Pyramid of Giza and the surrounding pyramids were built, then how the culture of the people at the time influenced the making of the pyramid, and finally I will discussRead MoreThe Ancient Egyptian Pyramids : The Seven Wonders Of The World1206 Words   |  5 PagesThe Egyptian Pyramids The seven wonders of the world: the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the Lighthouse of Alexandria, the Statue of Zeus at Olympia, the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, the Colossus of Rhodes, and of course, the Great Pyramids of Giza. (telegraph.co.uk) The Great Pyramids of Giza, built between 2584 and 2561 B.C, are located twelve miles from the capital of egypt, Cairo. (ancient.eu) They were the tallest man made structures in the world for 3800 yearsRead MoreEgypt And Mesopotamia917 Words   |  4 PagesArchitecture in Egypt and Mesopotamia When you think about ancient architecture, what questions arise? Do you ask yourself about its history, durability, and structure? For example, Egypt is known for its pyramids, while Mesopotamia is known for its temple. Both are influential and recognizable after so many years and will continue to be for years to come, those questions come without a doubt to mind. In the following paragraphs, these questions will be answered and explainedRead MoreAncient Egypt : Ancient Egyptian Art1308 Words   |  6 Pages Religious Architechture in ancient Egypt Egyptian art has journeyed through the centuries as one of the most influential phenomenon in human civilization. From the Greeks to the Romans to the people of today, Egyptians and their beautiful representations in art and architecture have proven a legacy in the creations of certain landmarks, statues, and even advertisements. The Greeks derived many of their statues from Egyptian sculptures, such as the Kouros 600 B.C.Read MoreThe Great Pyramid Of Giza1138 Words   |  5 Pagesmillennias they were the tallest structures of the entire world. And yet we are still baffled as to how they were built. The Pyramids! We find these mysterious, immense, and fascinating structures throughout the world. We gaze at them in wonder and ask ourselves: who built them? How were they built? what were they used for? and, when were they built? The Great Pyramid of Giza is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza pyramid complex bordering what is now El Giza, Egypt. It is the oldestRe ad MoreThe Achievements Of Ancient Egypt1291 Words   |  6 PagesTemples, tombs and pyramids have all witnessed this earth for thousands of years. These architectural achievements show us that Egypt s greatest virtue lie in its architecture. One Ancient Egypt’s greatest cultural achievements was undoubtedly in their architecture associated with religion. If you were to travel to Egypt what would you expect to see? Pyramid after temple after tomb, each standing the test of time. They all stand out, they are all associated with religious beliefs, they all haveRead MoreEssay on Development of Ancient Egypt823 Words   |  4 Pagesin Egypt. The Nile River, the longest river in the world, begins in heart of Africa and courses northwards for thousands of miles. The areas that spanned 7 miles on both banks of river were capable of producing abundant harvests. Flooding was gradual and predictable in contrast to Mesopotamian rivers. Like Mesopotamia, Egypt was a river valley civili zation. The economy in Egypt was a command economy. The government ordered the citizens to work and decided what goods and services they were to produce

Banning of Books Free Essays

Written stories have been around for a long time. For as long as humans have walked the earth they have been capturing their lives in pictures, symbols and words. Some stories were saved on cave walls and some on leaves but eventually stories started to be composed on paper and saved in books. We will write a custom essay sample on Banning of Books or any similar topic only for you Order Now As soon as books started to be published they were critiqued and some were eventually banned. Books have been banned for several different reasons such as containing inappropriate language, racism, or demonic themes. Some people are in favor of banning books and some people are against it. Although some feel it is appropriate to ban books containing inappropriate material for certain age groups books should not be able to be banned because reading increases awareness and literacy, it is against freedom of speech, and reading is a more educational source of entertainment than television. Some books are banned because they have been deemed age inappropriate. Certain people feel banning these types books protects young readers from being exposed to inappropriate elements such as foul language, suggestive themes, or drugs. That is why schools ban books. Young children do not need to be exposed to these things. Children grow up fast enough and books with inappropriate materials only speeds up the process of them losing their innocence. Despite the potential for inappropriate language, written text provides a great source of entertainment for readers. Nowadays the most common source of entertainment is television. This relatively new technology has rapidly spread in popularity. Television provides viewers a visual story experience in many different forms such as drama, comedy, action, or adventure. These types of stories can be experienced through reading, as well. But, reading requires people to use more of their imagination as they interpret the story. This is why many feel reading is more educational than watching television. However, if a book gets banned readers will not be able to exercise their imagination, learn its lessons, and enjoy its story. Also, banning books will contribute to a decrease in the popularity of reading and therefore increase the popularity of watching television. All books should be available to people so they have access to a better form of entertainment. Banning books also restricts education. If a book is banned then teachers in schools around the country cannot teach the valuable morals the book has to offer. This greatly inhibits students’ education. Reading also helps people become more aware of the world around them. This is important because if children cannot read a book because it is banned then they may not learn about important events that have occurred in the world. Children need to be aware because they are the future leaders of the world. Along with increased awareness, reading increases literacy as it exposes people to a wider portion of their language. So, banning books only hinders the education of children, students, and others who could have possibly read their stories. Finally, one inalienable right all citizens of the United States have is freedom of speech. The first amendment of the Constitution says â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. This grants everyone the right to say, draw, or write anything they desire. This means that authors can write about any topic they choose. If an author’s book is banned it contradicts their Constitutional rights. This is technically illegal. The banning of books can be harmful to education and decreases options for entertainment. Additionally, it goes against the Constitutional right of freedom of speech. Banning books also decreases the ability o f people to read and increase their awareness of different events around the world and can negatively impact literacy. Unlike television, books exercise the readers’ imagination as they provide entertainment, they teach important lessons, and they are far more educational. Although some feel it is appropriate to ban books containing inappropriate material for certain age groups books should not be able to be banned because reading increases awareness and literacy, it is against freedom of speech, and reading is a more educational source of entertainment than television. How to cite Banning of Books, Papers

Cause/Effect of Dental Hygiene free essay sample

Have you ever thought about what could happen if you dont practice good oral hygiene? Have you ever thought about the fact that cavities can lead to even more serious dental problems? Do you know that if you arent practicing good oral hygiene, youre opening the door to dental problems that isnt easy to close? If you dont take care of your teeth,think about how much harder easy life tasks would be for you. It is not that hard to simply brush your teeth twice a day and floss them once. The effects of not having good oral hygiene are cavities, gingivitis, and periodontal disease. A cavity is the least severe effect of not practicing good oral hygiene. You may think that a cavity is just a small hole in your teeth, but in reality a cavity is tooth decay which leads to the hole in the tooth. We will write a custom essay sample on Cause/Effect of Dental Hygiene or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Cavities are caused by bacteria which combines with food and creates a sticky substance known as plaque. Plaque sticks to the teeth and converts sugars into acid which then dissolves the tooth structure, causing holes, or cavities. When you brush your teeth properly, at least twice a day, you are removing the plaque that causes cavities. Flossing daily will remove the plaque from in between the teeth that the toothbrush cannot reach. Although cavities are the least severe effect of not practicing good oral hygiene, cavities are still painful and can lead to more severe dental diseases. The next effect of not practicing good oral hygiene is gingivitis, which causes the gums to redden, swell, and bleed. It is plaque build up on your teeth which casues swelling of your gums and leaves a yellow tint layer of plaque on the surfaces. In most cases, there is either little or no discomfort. Although a person can develop gingivitis, it is reversible with professional treatment and proper oral health care at home, which includes brushing and flossing 2 times a day at least. Without treatment, gingivitis can spread and grow below the gum line. Gingivitis is a chronic inflammatory reaction, and the body turns on itself, and the tissues, plus the bone, which hold up the teeth, is destroyed. Because the gums separate themselves from the teeth, this causes spaces between the teeth and gums, and they will become infected. As the disease advances, the pockets deepen and more gum tissue and bone are destroyed. Eventually, teeth can become loose and may have to be removed. This gum disease is one of the main causes of tooth loss in adults and has also been linked to heart disease and strokes. Gingivitis can be prevented by practicing good oral hygiene, but if it is not treated may lead to periodontal disease. Lastly the most severe dental disease that comes with not practicing good oral hygiene is periodontal disease. If it is left to itself and not treated, it will lead to tooth loss. In order to fix periodontal disease, a hygienist needs to place a probe in the gap of your gums and insert fake gums to keep bacteria from going in the hole. There are many factors that cause periodontal disease, but the main cause is bacteria. Without proper home care, your chances of getting it increase. The other factors vary and can affect the health of your gums. The most severe case of not having good oral hygiene is periodontal disease, and it is very painful. Maintaining good oral health is essential to maintaining good overall health. Oral hygiene is the practice of keeping the mouth and teeth clean to prevent dental problems, most commonly, dental cavities, gingivitis, periodontal disease, and tooth loss. Preventing these dental diseases are not that hard. If you havent been brushing twice a day and flossing once a day at least I hope after reading this you will consider doing it. Always remember your teeth are a key part of your life, so be sure to take good care of them so you dont need to experience the painful dental diseases.

Cross Culture Management

Question: Discuss about the Cross Culture Management. Answer: Introduction There are thousands of culture across the world and every culture having their importance and way to handle their nations working procedures. Moreover, businesses are accomplished in these nations and there are some difference and similarities in their way to do the business, manage their organizations culture and handling team management (Thomas and Peterson 2014). Bian and Forsythe (2012) depicts that cross-cultural management resembles the approach for managing the business team in a different culture and evaluates the differences in practices and preferences of consumers an international business context. The reason for the evaluation of the cross-cultural management among two or more different nation is that some organization took the initiative to modify or adapt some cultural advancement,which makes them not bounded by any barrier of territories (Chanlat et al. 2013). In such approaches, an organization of one nation, implements the positive business procedure of other nation for the betterment of their organization. Intercultural interactions have increased in importance in making the business wider and planning for work in different cultural situations (Bian and Forsythe 2012). The two nations that are taken into consideration for this market assessment are Australia and China. It is also evident that nations culture has the effect on the business managerial decisions, on individualism, on group orientation, the way they communicate with their business counterparts and subordinates, the approach an organization taking for decision-making along with their differences in autocratic approach of leadership (Sultana et al. 2013). Moreover, the differences of cultures also have an impact on superior-subordinate relationships and technique of managing business teams for achieving the business goals and objectives. Thus, in this assessment all these factors are considered in the context of Australia and China. Proper evidence will be provided along with the reason why the business culture of one nation among the two is better and have positive business outcomes. Discussion Geert Hofstede model was utilised in the assessment-1 in order to evaluate the difference between the two nations and their culture for accomplishing the business objectives. These two nations have many differences in their culture and managing their business group for attaining the business goals which is described below. : Geert Hofstede Model for comparison between Australia and China (Source: Geert-hofstede.com 2017) Effect of culture on individualism versus group orientation Individualism represents the scenario of the interdependence that is followed in these two nations. Kawar (2012) highlighted that evaluation of individualism is crucial for assessing the approach for maintaining the business team and self-image to fulfill the organization's objectives. In this context, Geert Hofstede model depicts that score in individualism represents, whether the people in a community desire to work collaboratively or individual (Minkov and Hofstede 2012). During this evaluation, it can also be assessed in which culture the people values their subordinates and family members more than an individual's effort. It is also mentioned in the previous assignment that high score in individualism resembles a culture where people values ones effort more than a combined effort of the family. The score attained by Australia in this context is 90 that signify that Australian people are relying more on the individual effort for attaining a certain goal (Geert-hofstede.com 2017). Sultana et al. (2013) also portray that in terms of organizational behavior, Australian leaders provide job responsibility and roles to the deserving people based on their merit, who shows extraordinary performance. On the other hand, China being scored only 20 signifies a strongly knitted culture, where people believes that combined effort always leads to a positive outcome (Geert-hofstede.com 2017). However, Kawar (2012) argues that, leaders often offer promotions and higher designation to those people, who are close to them. This leads to a controversial situation that is suitable people do not get desirable recognition in Chinese organization. Moreover, in the context of group orientation, Moran et al. (2014) depict that Chinese people prefer to work in a group. Whereas in Australia, group work is avoided until it is an obligation to follow. This is the prime reason that in Australian culture each working personnel accomplished their work according to their job roles and it represents the states of effective employee commitment (Chanlat et al. 2013). On the other hand, Minkov et al. (2013) highlight that in Chinese culture employees are less committed to their work and organization as the working of few employees will drive the entire group. Thus, Chinese managers utilize the Australian business culture of individualism so that effectiveness of the business culture can be enhanced. In Australian culture, leaders allow their subordinates to give suggestions regarding projects and thus each employee enjoys working with each other as they believe knowledge sharing always improves the competencies of an individual. However, th is procedure is not allowed in Chinese culture and they usually follow tried-and-test methods or a directed that is directed by their leaders. Thus, if we considered the definition of the group orientation defined by Taylor and Wilson (2012) that extent to which the individual enjoys and seeks to work with others resembles the group orientation, it can be concluded that group orientation in Australian business is effective compared to the Chinese business culture. Effect of culture on communications Thompson (2013) stated that culture directly affects business communication in both terms- verbal and non-verbal. Chanlat et al. (2013) moreover affirm by stating the cultural attitudes toward business will help businesspersons to communicate efficiently with people with other culture. On the other hand, Almond and Verba (2015) also depicts that if a person ignores the culture in business communication, it leads to the adversity like communication disruptions. It is also evident that if workers do not share the same understanding of goals, processes and expectations, business communication can be disrupted or misinterpreted. It is also stated by Moran et al. (2014) that business culture where people intends to work collaboratively if certain new business ideas are suddenly imposed on employees, there may be a lack of buy-in and the project will fail. Thus, if comparison for Australian and Chinese culture is considered, it is found that there is a lack of communication in Chinese culture. Thompson (2013) also depicts that in Australian culture, businessperson place high significance to the words and they regular communicate with their team members. Moreover, Australian people also promote technology to make their communication effective with their team member (Taylor and Wilson 2012). English is their official language and thus it provides them with an advantage to communicate with their business partners. On the other hand, Cavusgil et al. (2014) portray that Mandarin being the officiallanguage leads to the difficulty in direct communication. However, with the aid of a translator communication with the international market is accomplished. According to the Geert Hofstede model, it is noted that long-term orientation also defines the culture of a nation and this factor also impacts on the business proceedings. Linan et al. (2013) define that long-term orientation resembles a situation where people of a nation desires to hold their tradition to complete their present goals. Taken for instance, Chinese people do not prefer to say no as it causes both embarrassment and loss of face. On the other hand, Australian people are practical and they directly give the feedback even if the answer is not in favour of them. Another example that can be demonstrated here is that China has incorporated technology in their business after a long time than Australians as they prefer to accomplish things traditionally irrespective of the fact that with the use of technology their work will be completed fast than a conventional method. Cavusgil et al. (2014) also depict that Chinese people also lacks responsiveness and emotion as these people use a very limited amount of visual body language and westerners interpret. This may lead to a controversial impact on the international business partners; however, Australian people, however, keep a friendly and relaxing body language, which builds an effective interpersonal relation with the business partners (Thompson 2013). Australians also prefers humour in every aspect of life and they also dislike too much self-promotion during the business communication. Effect of culture on decision-making Popovic et al. (2012) explain that every people, who belong to different cultural backgrounds have different expectations along with their different norms and values. These expectations, norms and values influence their judgments and decisions power. This aspect can be described by explaining that if a person's cultural values traits like honesty and integrity, there will be a tendency for those people to follow ethical decision-making tactics (Kawar 2012). Moreover, Cavusgil et al. (2014) also define that apart from cultural norms and values, situational environmentalso drives the decision-making process. Ferrell and Fraedrich (2015) depict that in Chinese culture, business leaders utilises the concept of the centralized decision-making process that no subordinates are not allowed to make decisions. Leaders often directed their employee to work according to their orders. On the other hand, in Australian culture every personnel are allowed to take participation in decision making programs (Kawar 2012). Another aspect of the Chinese culture is that they take a decision depending on the information of a business or person as they consider these sources of individual power. Thus, Ford and Richardson (2013) stated that in Chinese culture a thing is judged on the basis of their documentary information while in Australian culture the performance and the experience of a person are more valued. Thus, this explanation shows that Chinese culture possesses a feminine culture and Australian culture is masculine in nature as Chinese businesspeople consider the factor of quality of life of their emp loyee while in Australia, valuing success and achievements is a major concern (Geert-hofstede.com 2017). Moreover, the nature for valuing the experience and traditional proceeding makes Chinese business-person not to trust on the coded data. They prefer to develop their own business approach by designing a new technology that makes it easier to achieve their objectives of activities. While on the other hand, Coenen et al. (2012) depict that in Australian culture they prefer to use new technology that is arrived in the market. Craft (2013) argues that even though adapting modern and recent technology in the business provides the organization with a competitive advantage; it has a negative consequence that Australian organizations have to change their working procedure according to the changing technology. Whereas, Chinese people designs their technology by considering the concept of long- term planning, which provides them accomplishing their business goals through their developed technology also in the future (Almond and Verba 2015). Autocratic versus delegated leadership A leadership style, where an individual take control over all decisions and little input from the group are considered is known as autocratic leadership traits (Bader 2015). It is also known as authoritarianleadership. Craft (2013) explains that in this case, leaders make choices based on their ideas and judgments and advice from followers are rarely accepted. On the contrary to the autocratic leadership, delegative leadership styles resembles a situation where decision-making power are hands-off to a group or other managing authorities for taking effective decisions. According to the previous analysis, it can be stated that Chinese culture autocratic leadership style is followed, while in the Australian culture, delegative leadership style in considered. In Chinese culture, leaders follow autocratic style for managing the business in their organization. Bader (2015) also portrays that subordinates are not allowed to interpret even if they found the destined rules to be ineffective. This is the major reason; Chinese leader faces difficulty in talent management in their organization, poor organizational climate and open innovation (Holbig 2013). As leaders have the tendency to direct their subordinates, finding talent according to their requirement is a huge issue for Chinese organization. These leaders rarely consider the changing technology and devoting a significant amount of time to raising capital rather that investing in talent management (Wang et al. 2012). Bader (2015) also highlights that tendency towards self-criticism is found in Chinese management trait. They provide rationales for decisions that denote a directive leadership style and on the other hand, they also communicate a sense of caring for their people that represen t the affiliative leadership style (Holbig 2013). However, they do not follow a participative leadership style. In Australia, the leaders also encourage their working personnel to take a business decision. Craft (2013) depicts that in order to accomplish this strategy, Australian leaders also initiates rewarding their employees for providing the best decision for the organization. According to the delegative leadership style factors like idealized attributes and behavior, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration, contingent reward, active management by exception and passive management by exception are considered in Australian Business (Holbig 2013). Moreover, these leaders emphasis on the supportiveness, social responsibility, competitiveness, emphasis on rewards, stability, performance orientation and innovation for encouraging the employee to participate in decision making processes (Wang et al. 2012). Craft (2013) furthermore depicts that Australian culture also emphasizes more on the diversity in the organization by recruiting people belonging from d ifferent culture so that they can get relevant ideas of other culture and implement in their working procedure so that every employee can sense equality; however, this aspect is not considered in the Chinese culture. Image 2: Mean scores of encouraging factors for employees in Australian culture (Source: Holbig 2013) Effect of culture on superior-subordinate relationships It is observed that culture in Australia always leaves a scope for one to become inspired. Compared to other cities, Australians have been observed to be putting more effort in the work to achieve the individual goals. Wiewiora et al. (2013) depict that Australians are very straightforward when it comes to business; thus, they do not need to form a relationship for a long time before doing the business with the parties. They could be receptive to new ideas. Additionally, it is also learnt that Australians exemplify modesty as much as they appreciate it. The people in Australia even could downplay the role of their own success; thereby, it is advisable not to jump into the conclusions straight away (Chhokar, Brodbeck and House 2013). For example, if an individual finds himself challenged to a controversial discussion during a business meeting, there is nothing to worry, as it would not be personal. They could find the debates entertaining as well as initiate them by making provocative statements or responding with humor. As the discussed earlier, people run after the achievement; thus, they believe in hard work and patience. For example, if an individual truthfully responds that has a lot on or he is finding it hard to deal with the workload. The people might think the individual is no capable or they could distance themselves. This example makes it evident that people in Australia tend to take the hurdle to achieve something bigger instead of the finding the alternatives. So, Australian values and intends to find such enthusiastic p eoples and relies on them when it comes to achieve the goals. It becomes easy for a manager of the organization to achieve bigger organizational goals when they have such enthusiastic people (Jones, Burke and Westman 2013). On the contrary, the culture is a big factor in China; it seems clear that in order to avoid striking out in China, Western organizations would be wise to hire the local skilled people (Holbig 2013). However, in order to attract the right talent, the companies must have to understand the how prospective Chinese employees tend to link to a domestic employer as well as their particular position (Kankaanranta and Lu 2013). It is observed that generalizations regarding vast, as well as dynamic countries could be at stake. For this particular thing, Chinese organizations differ based on whether they are state-owned, private firm or entirely private and autonomous. There is a considerable area of the communality, in Chinese approaches to culture. In addition to this, while Western organizations to prioritise fixed roles, strong branding, as well as detailed planning as well as the targets, the companies in China, are often less perspective as well as more adaptive. There is a different attitude towards the employment could arise from this culture. The major focus on people in Chinese employment is often at odds with the Western assumptions that work and personal life often remain as the difficult spheres that may not overlap (Witt and Redding 2013). In Chinese organisations, the managers typically know a lot of regarding the personal lives of the team members. Moreover, in the Western organization, one does not intrude himself on the private life of the team members, whereas, Chinese managers would know what is happening when it comes to his/her team members. Thus, for the purpose of teamwork and enhancement, the managers form an effective relationship with the team members to keep the balance between work and personal life. Effect of culture on managing teams Holbig (2013)portrays that when it comes to teamwork, like every Western country, the Australia first focuses on developing the diverse workplace. The diverse workplace often makes it easy to implement the desired communication for resolving any particular issue. As Australians are preferred work and achievement, they maintain certain principles. For personal and organisational objectives, people love to take work challenges. As put forward by Chaboyer et al. (2013), culture patterns at work could reflect the culture patter in wider society. Hence, the project managers tend to share the cultures of their society and their organizations with the project teams. For example, the project management techniques, as well as their training packages, have been enhanced almost exclusively in Australia. Moreover, the manager has the skill to communicate the "bad news" and manage the team performance. Although, the organizations in Australia prefer the employees based on their performance and skills, which are the benchmark for corporate success, there is always an effective relationship between the managers existing in each team (Holbig 2013). In order to build a friendly relationship with the employees, the managers use the colloquial words at the workplace in a humorous way. A diverse Australian workplace team usually operates to the homogenous team in with the communication style, the mix of mental models and values sets and a tendency towards the in the group and the out group behaviour as well as social categorization. As stated by Liu and Woywode (2013), all categorization all affect the way diverse team develop as well as functions. Thus, it can be mentioned that with the help of diverse workplace culture, open communication style and enthusiasm make it easy for the managers to manage and their performance. On the contrary, when it comes to managing the team, Chinese organizations and their leaders have become more close to their employees. The leaders rely on the open management style, where the employees come and discuss their issues with the senior managers. Likewise, the managers show the vested interest towards the personal lives of employees. Thus, the manager and the employee relationship are maintained as well as developed for the purpose of both organizational (Chaboyer et al. 2013). When it comes to managing team, the culture sensitivity calls for the ability and the skills of the managers to realise the viewpoint of those living in very different cultures as well as readiness to put them self in another individual' perspective. In addition to this, the foreign employee as the manager of the firm in China could benefit from understanding the nature, dimension as well as the variables of the particular culture. Conclusion There are nations of several cultural and traditional values across the world and every nation utilizes their cultural norm in making business in their state. It is also evident that every nation possesses some positive traits in their cultural values and that should be utilised for the betterment of their business. Two of these cultures that are considered in this business report are Australia and China. It is concluded from the Geert Hofstede model that Chinese culture follows a feminine culture, where caring for the quality of life of employees irrespective of their talent and experience is considered by the leaders. While on the other hand, in Australian culture, working ability of the personnel and talent for success and achievement are valued more and that represent a masculine culture. In addition to that long-orientation cultural values are followed in Chinese culture that is they prefers to hold their tradition for accomplishing their business proceedings; while Australian l eaders adopt modern technology and align their business working approach according to that. Moreover, Chinese culture emphasis on formulating their technology that they can use it in future also, which is a positive factor compared to the Australian, where they have to change their working process according to the changing technology. In addition to that, it is also concluded that in managing the business, leadership style also plays a crucial role. Chinese culture follows autocratic leadership style; whereas, in Australian culture, leader follows deligative or participative leadership style. The major difference between these two leadership styles is that in the former case, the managing authorities do not allow their subordinates to take participation in decision-making procedures; while in the latter case, low designation managing authorities and working personnel participate collaboratively to take effective decision for the business. References Almond, G.A. and Verba, S., 2015.The civic culture: Political attitudes and democracy in five nations. Princeton University Press. Bader, J., 2015. China, autocratic patron? An empirical investigation of China as a factor in autocratic survival.International Studies Quarterly,59(1), pp.23-33. Bian, Q. and Forsythe, S., 2012. Purchase intention for luxury brands: A cross cultural comparison.Journal of Business Research,65(10), pp.1443-1451. Cavusgil, S.T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J.R., Rammal, H.G. and Rose, E.L., 2014.International business. Pearson Australia. Chaboyer, W., Chamberlain, D., Hewson-Conroy, K., Grealy, B., Elderkin, T., Brittin, M., McCutcheon, C., Longbottom, P. and Thalib, L., 2013. CNE article: safety culture in Australian intensive care units: establishing a baseline for quality improvement.American Journal of Critical Care,22(2), pp.93-102. Chanlat, J.F., Davel, E. and Dupuis, J.P., 2013.Cross-cultural management: culture and management across the world. Routledge. Chhokar, J.S., Brodbeck, F.C. and House, R.J. eds., 2013.Culture and leadership across the world: The GLOBE book of in-depth studies of 25 societies. Routledge. Coenen, F.H.J.M., Huitema, D. and O'Toole Jr, L.J. eds., 2012.Participation and the quality of environmental decision making(Vol. 14). Springer Science Business Media. Craft, J.L., 2013. A review of the empirical ethical decision-making literature: 20042011. Journal of Business Ethics, 117(2), pp.221-259. Ferrell, O.C. and Fraedrich, J., 2015.Business ethics: Ethical decision making cases. Nelson Education. Ford, R.C. and Richardson, W.D., 2013. Ethical decision making: A review of the empirical literature. InCitation classics from the Journal of Business Ethics(pp. 19-44). Springer Netherlands. Geert-hofstede.com., 2017.Australia-China - Geert Hofstede. [online] Available at: https://geert-hofstede.com/australia.html [Accessed 3 Feb. 2017]. Holbig, H., 2013. Ideology after the end of ideology. China and the quest for autocratic legitimation.Democratization,20(1), pp.61-81. Jones, F., Burke, R.J. and Westman, M., 2013.Work-life balance: A psychological perspective. Psychology Press. Kankaanranta, A. and Lu, W., 2013. The evolution of English as the business lingua franca: Signs of convergence in Chinese and Finnish professional communication.Journal of Business and Technical Communication,27(3), pp.288-307. Kawar, T.I., 2012. Cross-cultural differences in management.International Journal of Business and Social Science,3(6). Lin, F., Fernndez-Serrano, J. and Romero, I., 2013. Necessity and opportunity entrepreneurship: The mediating effect of culture.reviSta de economa mundial,33. Liu, Y. and Woywode, M., 2013. Light?Touch Integration of Chinese Cross?Border MA: The In?uences of Culture and Absorptive Capacity.Thunderbird International Business Review,55(4), pp.469-483. Minkov, M. and Hofstede, G., 2012. Hofstedes fifth dimension: New evidence from the World Values Survey.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,43(1), pp.3-14. Minkov, M., Blagoev, V. and Hofstede, G., 2013. The boundaries of culture: do questions about societal norms reveal cultural differences?.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,44(7), pp.1094-1106. Moran, R.T., Abramson, N.R. and Moran, S.V., 2014.Managing cultural differences. Routledge. Popovic, A., Hackney, R., Coelho, P.S. and Jakli?, J., 2012. Towards business intelligence systems success: Effects of maturity and culture on analytical decision making.Decision Support Systems,54(1), pp.729-739. Sultana, M., Rashid, M., Mohiuddin, M. and Mazumder, M.N.H., 2013. Cross-cultural management and organizational performance: A content analysis perspective. Taylor, M.Z. and Wilson, S., 2012. Does culture still matter?: The effects of individualism on national innovation rates.Journal of Business Venturing,27(2), pp.234-247. Thomas, D.C. and Peterson, M.F., 2014.Cross-cultural management: Essential concepts. Sage Publications. Thompson, J.B., 2013.Ideology and modern culture: Critical social theory in the era of mass communication. John Wiley Sons. Wang, C.L., Tee, D.D. and Ahmed, P.K., 2012. Entrepreneurial leadership and context in Chinese firms: a tale of two Chinese private enterprises.Asia Pacific Business Review,18(4), pp.505-530. Wiewiora, A., Trigunarsyah, B., Murphy, G. and Coffey, V., 2013. Organizational culture and willingness to share knowledge: A competing values perspective in Australian context.International Journal of Project Management,31(8), pp.1163-1174. Witt, M.A. and Redding, G., 2013. Asian business systems: Institutional comparison, clusters and implications for varieties of capitalism and business systems theory.Socio-Economic Review,11(2), pp.2